Is the group-enumeration (gnu) function surjective onto the positive integers? (Kourovka 15.99)
Statement
Let $f(n)$ denote the number of isomorphism classes of finite groups of order $n$ — the 'gnu' (group number) function. Is it true that for every positive integer $k$ the equation $f(n)=k$ has a solution — that is, is $f$ surjective onto $\mathbb{Z}_{>0}$? Equivalently, is every positive integer the number of groups of some order? This is known to hold for all $k\le 1000$ (Wei, 1998). This is W. J. Shi's group-enumeration surjectivity question; it is unrelated to the separately-proved Shi recognition conjecture that a finite simple group is determined by its order together with its set of element orders.
Acceptance. FULLY RESOLVES: EITHER a proof that f is surjective — for instance a uniform construction that, given any k, produces a squarefree n with f(n)=k using Hölder's formula together with Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions — OR a proof that some specific positive integer k is never the number of groups of any order. ADVANCES: a certified extension of the verified range beyond k=1000 — a re-runnable computation exhibiting, for every k <= K with K > 1000, an explicit witness order n with f(n)=k (Hölder's formula on squarefree n suffices, and f(n) is then machine-checkable), plus the search code; the larger K, the stronger the advance. Isolating the structural obstruction to a uniform construction (e.g. which residue-class patterns of primes realize a prescribed k) is a partial advance.
Background
Source: The Kourovka Notebook, No. 21, arXiv:1401.0300 (v44, June 2026), Problem 15.99, posed by W. J. Shi (15th Issue, 2002): 'Let f(n) be the number of isomorphism classes of finite groups of order n. Is it true that the equation f(n)=k has a solution for any positive integer k? The answer is affirmative for all k <= 1000 (G. M. Wei, Southeast Asian Bull. Math. 22, no. 1 (1998) 93–102).' For squarefree n, Hölder's 1895 closed formula expresses f(n) explicitly in terms of the primes dividing n and their mutual congruences — the flexible arithmetic engine behind every small k being realized; a natural attack is a Dirichlet/Chinese-Remainder construction realizing an arbitrary target k with a squarefree n. Enumeration context: Besche–Eick–O'Brien 'gnu' work; OEIS A000001. Vetted open as of 2026-07-06: no proof of surjectivity exists and no 2020–2026 paper claims one; folklore reports verification well past k=1000 (via squarefree orders) but Wei 1998 (k<=1000) is the citable frontier. Guard against false positives that conflate this with the proved Shi recognition conjecture.
References
| Ref | Source | Type |
|---|---|---|
| REF-01 | The Kourovka Notebook No. 21 (v44, June 2026) — Problem 15.99 (W. J. Shi) | arxiv |
| REF-02 | OEIS A000001 — number of groups of order n (the gnu function) | website |
Investigations · 0
No published investigations yet. This problem is unclaimed territory.