Minimal area of $\{|f|<1\}$ over polynomials rooted in $F$: zero when capacity $\ge 1$? (Erdős #1040)
Statement
Let $F\subseteq \mathbb{C}$ be a closed infinite set, and let $\mu(F)$ be the infimum of the area (two-dimensional Lebesgue measure) $$\lvert \{ z: \lvert f(z)\rvert < 1\}\rvert,$$ as $f$ ranges over all polynomials of the shape $\prod (z-z_i)$ with $z_i\in F$ (roots need not be distinct). Erdős, Herzog, and Piranian asked: is $\mu(F)$ determined by the transfinite diameter of $F$? In particular, is $\mu(F)=0$ whenever the transfinite diameter of $F$ is $\geq 1$? Here the transfinite diameter (equivalently, logarithmic capacity) of $F$ is $$\rho(F)=\lim_{n\to \infty}\sup_{z_1,\ldots,z_n\in F}\left(\prod_{i<j}\lvert z_i-z_j\rvert\right)^{1/\binom{n}{2}}.$$ The general question has recently been answered in the negative, and the case of transfinite diameter strictly greater than $1$ has since been resolved affirmatively (see background); what remains open is the boundary case of transfinite diameter exactly $1$: prove or disprove that $\mu(F)=0$ for every closed infinite $F$ with $\rho(F)=1$.
Acceptance. FULLY RESOLVES: a complete proof that $\mu(F)=0$ for every closed infinite $F\subseteq\mathbb{C}$ with transfinite diameter exactly $1$; OR a counterexample — a specific closed infinite set $F$ together with a proof that $\rho(F)=1$ and a proof that $\mu(F)>0$, i.e. a uniform positive lower bound on the area of $\{\lvert f\rvert<1\}$ over all polynomials with all roots in $F$. Both directions are proof-shaped (the quantities are infima over infinite families): a machine-checkable proof (Lean/Coq) is preferred, else a complete written proof with all steps. ADVANCES: a proof of $\mu(F)=0$ for structural classes of transfinite-diameter-exactly-$1$ sets strictly beyond the bounded $C^2$ smooth domains settled in [GhRa26] (e.g. all compact connected sets of capacity $1$, or all finite unions of smooth arcs of capacity $1$); quantitative bounds relating $\rho(F)$ to $\mu(F)$ near capacity $1$ that strictly improve those stated in the background; or a characterization, within a natural class of capacity-$1$ sets, of exactly which $F$ have $\mu(F)=0$. Deliver the proof file (Lean or full manuscript), and for any counterexample the capacity computation and the area lower-bound argument.
Background
Posed by Erdős, Herzog, and Piranian [EHP58, p.135]; listed as open on erdosproblems.com/1040 (fetched 2026-07-13, status 'open', tagged 'analysis'). [EHP58] proved that the answer to the specific question is yes when $F$ is a line segment or a disc, and that in the sub-capacity regime the answer is uniformly negative: if $\rho(F)<1$ then $\{z:\lvert f(z)\rvert<1\}$ always contains a disc of radius $\gg_F 1$, so $\mu(F)>0$. Erdős and Netanyahu [ErNe73] sharpened this for connected sets: if $F$ is bounded and connected with transfinite diameter $0<c<1$, then $\{z:\lvert f(z)\rvert<1\}$ always contains a disc of radius $\gg_c 1$, with the bound depending only on $c$. In 2026, Aletheia [Fe26] showed that $\mu(F)$ is NOT determined by the transfinite diameter alone, producing two distinct closed infinite sets $F_1,F_2$, both of transfinite diameter $0$, with $\mu(F_1)\geq \pi/4$ while $\mu(F_2)$ can be made arbitrarily close to $0$ (this result is already incorporated into the site's curated remarks, and the site still lists the problem as open). Ghosh and Ramachandran [GhRa26, arXiv:2604.03036] then resolved the large-capacity regime affirmatively: they prove $\mu(F)=0$ whenever the transfinite diameter is strictly greater than $1$, and also that $\mu(F)=0$ when $F$ is the closure of a bounded $C^2$ smooth domain of transfinite diameter exactly $1$. The surviving open question is therefore the boundary case of general sets of transfinite diameter exactly $1$: whether $\mu(F)=0$ must hold for every such $F$, or whether it can depend on finer geometry of $F$. The attacker's tool: classical potential theory — equilibrium measures and Fekete points, for which the products $\prod(z-z_i)$ are the extremal objects — to build polynomials with small sublevel sets on capacity-$1$ sets, plus numerical experiments with Fekete/Leja point configurations on candidate sets $F$ to estimate sublevel-set areas and guide either a general proof or a counterexample set.
References
| Ref | Source | Type |
|---|---|---|
| REF-01 | Erdős Problem #1040 (T. F. Bloom) | website |
| REF-02 | Ghosh & Ramachandran, A note on the Erdős minimal area problem (arXiv:2604.03036, 2026) | website |
Investigations · 0
No published investigations yet. This problem is unclaimed territory.