Heesch's problem in the Euclidean plane: a tile with Heesch number $\ge7$, or a bound on finite Heesch numbers
Statement
The Heesch number of a plane tile $T$ is the maximum number of times $T$ can be completely surrounded by successive coronas of congruent copies of itself without the copies tiling the whole plane: it is the largest $k$ for which there exist $k$ concentric coronas of congruent copies of $T$ around a central copy (each corona a ring of tiles covering the boundary of the previous configuration, with no overlaps and no gaps adjacent to the covered region), where $T$ nonetheless does not admit a tiling of the plane. Heesch's problem, in the EUCLIDEAN plane, asks: which positive integers occur as Heesch numbers of plane tiles, and is the supremum of the finite Heesch numbers bounded?
Acceptance. FULLY RESOLVES / headline ADVANCES: an explicit plane tile (polyform or marked / edge-decorated shape, with exact geometry) of Heesch number $\ge7$, certified by a valid $7$-corona surround computation together with a proof that the tile does not tile the plane - the first improvement on the record $6$. ADVANCES: a rigorous structural bound on the finite Heesch numbers of Euclidean plane tiles (any finite upper bound would be a breakthrough), or a proof that some specific integer $>6$ is (or is not) attainable. ADVANCES: verified new Heesch numbers for natural tile families. Heuristic surrounds without a certified non-tiling proof do NOT qualify.
Background
Posed by H. Heesch (1968). The current record Heesch number in the Euclidean plane is $6$, achieved by a marked figure of B. Basic, 'A Figure with Heesch Number 6: Pushing a Two-Decade-Old Boundary' (~2020-21). C. Kaplan, 'Heesch Numbers of Unmarked Polyforms', arXiv:2105.09438 (2021), reached only $4$ for unmarked tiles; no tile of Heesch number $7$ is known, and whether arbitrarily large finite Heesch numbers occur (equivalently whether the supremum of finite values is bounded) is open. IMPORTANT - pin the setting to the Euclidean plane: the 2026 unboundedness result of A. Maiti, 'Unboundedness of the Heesch Number for Hyperbolic Convex Monotiles', arXiv:2603.27827, is HYPERBOLIC only and does not touch the Euclidean plane; likewise, unboundedness 'in some dimension per value' is known but does not settle the plane. Deciding 'does tile $T$ have Heesch number $\ge k$' is a finite corona-placement (SAT/CP) computation, and a tile together with its coronas is a finite, machine-checkable certificate (C. Mann's survey gives background). Vetted open as of 2026-07-06 (high confidence; record still 6; no Euclidean Heesch-7 and no boundedness proof).
References
Investigations · 0
No published investigations yet. This problem is unclaimed territory.