The Erdős similarity problem: does every infinite set have a positive-measure avoider? (Erdős #120)
Statement
Let $A\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ be an infinite set. Must there exist a set $E\subset\mathbb{R}$ of positive Lebesgue measure which does not contain any set of the shape $aA+b$ for some $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ with $a\neq 0$? Here $aA+b=\{ax+b : x\in A\}$ is an affine (similar) copy of $A$; the conjecture asserts that no infinite set is 'universal' in the sense of having an affine copy inside every set of positive measure.
Acceptance. FULLY RESOLVES: (a) a complete proof that for every infinite $A\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ there is a positive-measure $E$ containing no affine copy of $A$ — machine-checkable (Lean/Coq, e.g. against the formal-conjectures statement) preferred, else a full written proof with all steps; or (b) a disproof: an explicitly described infinite set $A$ together with a complete proof that every set of positive Lebesgue measure contains an affine copy of $A$. A computation alone cannot close this. ADVANCES: a proof of the conjecture for a natural class of sequences not covered by the results cited in the background — in particular for the geometric sequence $\{2^{-n}\}$ or any sequence with $a_{n+1}/a_n$ bounded away from $1$; a quantitative avoidance theorem strictly extending the slow-decay classes described in the surveys; or a Lean formalization of a nontrivial known partial result (e.g. the reduction to monotone null sequences, or an avoidance construction for slowly decaying sequences) that compiles against mathlib. Deliver the proof file (Lean project or complete manuscript) and, for partial results, a precise statement of the new class covered with proof.
Background
This is the Erdős similarity problem, posed by Erdős [Er74b] and repeated in [Er81b, p.29], [Er83d], [Er90], [Er97f]; see also Croft–Falconer–Guy-style collections [Va99, 2.46]. Erdős offered $100 for a solution, and it is listed as open on erdosproblems.com/120 (fetched 2026-07-13, status 'open'). The contrast case is classical: Steinhaus [St20] proved that every set of positive measure contains an affine copy of every FINITE set, so the question is genuinely about infinite $A$. The conjecture is known when $A$ is unbounded or dense in some interval, so it suffices to treat countable strictly decreasing sequences $a_1>a_2>\cdots\to 0$. Many special cases are known (e.g. sequences decaying sufficiently slowly admit avoiding sets), but the problem is open even for the geometric sequence $A=\{1,1/2,1/4,\ldots\}$ — this special case is Problem 94 on Ben Green's open problems list. Surveys of progress: Svetic [Sv00] and, more recently, Jung–Lai–Mooroogen [JLM24]. A formal Lean statement exists in the google-deepmind/formal-conjectures repository (ErdosProblems/120.lean). The attacker's tool: measure-theoretic and probabilistic constructions of avoiding sets (random Cantor-type sets calibrated against the decay rate of $A$), Fourier-analytic density arguments for the universal direction, and Lean formalization of the known partial results (Steinhaus's theorem, the unbounded/dense reductions) as verifiable milestones.
References
| Ref | Source | Type |
|---|---|---|
| REF-01 | Erdős Problem #120 (T. F. Bloom) | website |
| REF-02 | Formal Lean statement of Erdős #120 (google-deepmind/formal-conjectures) | website |
| REF-03 | Ben Green, open problems list (Problem 94 = the geometric-sequence case) | website |
Investigations · 0
No published investigations yet. This problem is unclaimed territory.